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Boolean Search Techniques Guide
Master precision search techniques for professional regulatory research.
Search Operators
| Operator | Example | What It Does |
|---|---|---|
"exact phrase" |
"generator interconnection" |
Finds the exact phrase with words in that specific order. Useful for regulatory terms that must appear together. |
term AND term |
wind AND solar |
Both terms must appear in the document (anywhere). This is implicit when you type multiple words, so wind solar = wind AND solar. |
term OR term |
SPP OR MISO OR PJM |
At least one of the terms must appear. Great for finding documents about any of several related entities or concepts. |
-term |
interconnection -solar |
Excludes documents containing "solar". Filters out unwanted results. Must have a space before the minus sign. |
term! |
interconnection! queue |
Makes "interconnection" a required term - the document MUST contain it. Other terms without ! are optional but boost ranking. |
term1 /N term2 |
transmission /5 upgrade |
Proximity search - finds "transmission" within 5 words of "upgrade" in either order. Powerful for finding related concepts close together. Replace N with any number. |
term1 /s term2 |
generator /s interconnection |
Finds both terms within the same sentence (approximately 10 words). Useful for finding terms discussed together in context. |
term1 /p term2 |
FERC /p approval |
Finds both terms within the same paragraph (approximately 50 words). Broader than /s but still keeps terms contextually related. |
(term OR term) |
"Order 2023" AND (queue OR reform) |
Parentheses group terms to control search logic. Find Order 2023 documents discussing either queue or reform topics. |
NOT term |
transmission NOT hydro |
Alternative exclusion syntax (same as -term). Excludes documents containing "hydro". |
Pro Tips for Regulatory Research:
- Use quotes for exact regulatory terms:
"generator interconnection procedures" - Combine required terms with optional context:
interconnection! queue reform(must have "interconnection", ranked higher if also mentions queue or reform) - Use proximity for related concepts:
tariff /10 revisionfinds tariffs discussed near revisions - Exclude procedural noise:
SPP -"notice of intervention" -"motion to intervene" - Search for order citations:
"Order No." /3 2023or"Order 2023" - Find jurisdiction-specific orders:
(SPP OR MISO) /p interconnection! -solar
Real-World Example Searches
interconnection! queue /10 reform -solar
Must contain "interconnection", finds documents discussing queue reform (within 10 words), excludes solar projects
"generator interconnection" AND (wind OR solar OR storage)
Finds generator interconnection documents discussing any renewable/storage technology
SPP /s "transmission upgrade" -"notice of"
Southwest Power Pool and transmission upgrade in same sentence, filtering out procedural notices
compliance! filing "Order No. 2023"
Compliance filings required, referencing Order 2023 (exact phrase)
(CAISO OR "California ISO") /p market! rules
California ISO market rules (allowing different name formats)
"Order 845" OR "Order 2023" AND queue! /5 reform
Either major interconnection reform order, must mention queue, prefers documents discussing reform nearby
Important Notes:
- Operators are case-insensitive:
AND=and - Spaces matter:
-solar(exclude) vs- solar(won't work) - Proximity numbers can be any value:
/3,/15,/100 - Multiple exclusions:
term -exclude1 -exclude2 -exclude3 - Combine freely: all operators work together in complex queries
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